Resource Library

Pika Presentation with Rocky Mountain Wild, A Webinar (video)
Primary Presenter: Megan Mueller (Rocky Mountain Wild), January 2025
Wild Connections welcomed Rocky Mountain Wild’s Conservation Biologist Megan Mueller and Conservation Geographer Alison Gallensky for this presentation on the Colorado Pika Project. In the face of climate change, this collaborative project engages community scientists to conserve the American Pika and safeguard the health of alpine ecosystems in Colorado.

PRESS RELEASE: Colorado Legislature Passes Historic Bill to Restore Wolverines to Colorado
Authors: Denver Zoo, Rocky Mountain Wild, Wildlands Network, May 2024
Bipartisan bill authorizes Colorado Parks and Wildlife to reintroduce wolverines to Colorado. After a more than 100 year absence, wolverines are poised to return to Colorado. On Friday, SB24-171 passed the House on a bipartisan 51-13 vote after previously making it through the Senate on a bipartisan 29-5 vote in April. Sponsored by Senator Perry Will (R), Senator Dylan Roberts (D), Representative McLachlan (D) and Representative Mauro (D), the legislation will facilitate the development of a 10(j) rule under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) to reintroduce North American Wolverines to Colorado.

PRESS RELEASE: Pika Patrol – An innovative mobile app to help the community monitor the iconic American pika in Colorado
Authors: Colorado Mesa University, Colorado Pika Project, Denver Zoo, Rocky Mountain Wild, Southern Plains Land Trust, July 2023
With the winter snowpack gone, hikers are once again pouring into Colorado’s high peaks, and this year, some of them will come back with important data on how the cutest animal in Colorado, the American pika. This is the first summer in which hikers are using Pika Patrol, an innovative new mobile app, to track observations and monitor populations of climate-sensitive American pika.

PRESS RELEASE: Colorado Bat Watch, a community science project to study and conserve bats, officially launches on International Bat Appreciation Day
Authors: Colorado Bat Watch, Rocky Mountain Wild, April 2023
Colorado Bat Watch is a collaborative effort to study and conserve bats, developed by Rocky Mountain Wild, in partnership with the U.S. Forest Service, and bat experts from Colorado Parks and Wildlife, Colorado Natural Heritage Program, and the North American Bat Monitoring Program. Colorado Bat Watch Community Scientists will collect data on where bats are roosting that will inform multi-agency efforts to respond to the arrival of WNS in Colorado, including efforts to find bat colonies, test for the presence of WNS, monitor bats, and identify roost sites suitable for WNS vaccine testing.

Recreational Disturbance Modeling of Elk Habitat in Medicine Bow-Routt National Forests
Authors: Larry Desjardin (Keep Routt Wild), Alison Gallensky (Rocky Mountain Wild), T.J. Thrasher (Keep Routt Wild), February 2022
This paper uses modern disturbance distance modeling of elk behavior and GIS tools to identify areas where recreation may be impacting elk in a portion of the Medicine Bow-Routt National Forests near Steamboat Springs, Colorado. This area is home to the second largest elk herd in Colorado and also a popular destination for motorized and non-motorized recreation.

RD2H Migration Corridor Landowner Benefits Bulletin
Authors: Amy Nagler (Research Scientist, Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Wyoming), Joy Bannon (Policy Director, Wyoming Wildlife Federation), and Benjamin S. Rashford (Associate Professor, Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Wyoming), January 2022
Landowners and Wyoming communities benefit from programs that conserve migration routes crossing both private and public lands. By understanding the RD2H Migration Corridor, you can support and contribute to a program that greatly benefits Wyoming.

Opportunities to Improve Sensitive Habitat and Movement Route Connectivity for Colorado’s Big Game Species
Authors: Colorado Department of Natural Resources and Colorado Department of Transportation, September 2021
The goal of this report is to identify, evaluate, and recommend priorities for a range of regulatory, policy, and legislative approaches to ensure the health of Colorado’s big game herds and solidify Colorado’s status as the national leader in big game management and conservation.

State Highway 9 Wildlife Crossings Mitigation Monitoring
Authors: Julia Kintsch (ECO-resolutions), Patricia Cramer, Paige Singer (Rocky Mountain Wild), Michelle Cowardin (Colorado Parks and Wildlife), March 2021
This research monitored the effectiveness of a wildlife mitigation project on State Highway 9 in Grand County, Colorado. The purpose of the mitigation was to reduce wildlife-vehicle collisions (WVC) while providing permeability for wildlife across the highway. This five-year study used motion-activated cameras and analysis of WVC crash and carcass data to evaluate mitigation effectiveness. The research documented 112,678 mule deer successful passages and a success rate of 96% across the seven structures. In addition to mule deer, sixteen other wildlife species successfully used the crossing structures. The wildlife crossings and fencing mitigation helped decrease WVC crashes by 92% and carcasses by 90% relative to pre-construction levels.

Wildlife Crossing Success Stories in the Western States
Authors: ARC Solutions, January 2021
A showcase of completed and planned initiatives featuring a diversity of species, from toads to pronghorn to mountain lions; a range of landscapes, from urban to rural and in between; and a host of public and private partners, from federal, tribal, state and local agencies, to private companies, non-governmental organizations, philanthropic foundations and other stakeholders.

Wildlife Connectivity Opportunities for State Legislation
Authors: Rob Ament, Renee Callahan, Laramie Maxwell, Grace Stonecipher, Elizabeth Fairbank, Abigail Breuer (Center for Large Landscape Conservation), March 2020
This report summarizes a variety of ways in which state legislators can act to protect corridors, including data and identification, planning, conservation practice, private land initiatives, partnerships, and funding.

State Highway 9 Wildlife Crossings Monitoring – Year 4 Progress Report
Authors: Julia Kintsch (ECO-resolutions), Patricia Cramer, Paige Singer (Rocky Mountain Wild), Michelle Cowardin (Colorado Parks and Wildlife), Joy Phelan, March 2020
The State Highway 9 (SH 9) Colorado River South Wildlife & Safety Improvement Project installed seven large wildlife crossing structures and 10.4 miles of wildlife exclusion fence between Kremmling and Green Mountain Reservoir in Grand County, Colorado. The project was designed to improve driver safety while providing permeability for wildlife across the highway. This research study evaluates the effectiveness of the mitigation infrastructure through the use of motion activated cameras and analyses of wildlife-vehicle collisions (WVC) carcass and accident data.

How the Interior Department Turned its Back on Big Game Migration Corridors story map
Analysis & Research: Alison Gallensky (Rocky Mountain Wild), February 2020
Mapping & Story: Gage Cartographics
The interactive storymap shows the millions of acres the Department of Interior (DOI) has offered for oil and gas development directly in wildlife corridors and key habitats. The map shows that in little over one year, DOI has tried to lease nearly 1.2 million acres to the energy industry in big game priority landscapes, and 672,000 acres of that land is in the most crucial habitat identified by states.

Assessment of Connectivity for Wildlife on Federal Lands in Colorado
Authors: Paige Singer and Paul Millhouser (Rocky Mountain Wild), September 2019
As human development expands and habitat fragmentation increases, connectivity’s importance continues to grow; federal lands with a mandate to preserve wildlife have a key role to play in preserving connectivity. This study represents the first statewide connectivity analysis of Colorado using state-of-the-art analysis techniques. By evaluating connectivity based primarily on the influence of human activity on the landscape, this study provides an understanding of connectivity that is both science-based and applicable to multiple species.

Executive Order: Conserving Colorado’s Big Game Winter Range and Migration Corridors
Author: Governor Polis, August 2019
This Executive Order was issued to conserve Colorado’s big game winter range and migration corridors.

Evaluating Landscape Connectivity and Habitat Fragmentation Effects on Elk in the Roaring Fork and Eagle Valleys
Author: Paul Millhouser (Rocky Mountain Wild), August 2019
Recent studies conducted by Colorado Parks and Wildlife have identified an alarming decline in elk populations in the Eagle and Roaring Fork valleys of Colorado. This paper applies measures of human influence on the landscape, including habitat fragmentation and landscape connectivity, to the study area in a time series from 1981 to 2017, to identify possible correlations with elk populations changes during that period.

Report Summary: Evaluating Landscape Connectivity and Habitat Fragmentation Effects on Elk in the Roaring Fork and Eagle Valleys
Author: Paul Millhouser (Rocky Mountain Wild), August 2019
Summary of the report above.

Preserving Biodiversity in an Changing Climate
Author: Alison Gallensky (Rocky Mountain Wild), June 2019
Wild Connections is a regional conservation organization that protects wildlands, native species, and biological diversity in central Colorado. Wild Connections is partnering with Rocky Mountain Wild to analyze the most important places to preserve in their region to ensure biodiversity will persist as the climate changes. This article, from Wild Connections’ Landscape Magazine, introduces the project and explains the Geospatial Modeling techniques that we are using to identify these places.

Habitat Fragmentation Analysis of Boulder County
Authors: Paul Millhouser and Paige Singer (Rocky Mountain Wild), November 2018
Boulder County Parks and Open Space wanted to understand the degree to which human changes to the landscape, including roads, housing, agriculture and other development, has disconnected the county’s remaining areas of undisturbed habitat. BCPOS will use the results of this analysis to help prioritize areas for conservation and to evaluate the effects of proposed future development on wildlife habitat. BCPOS funded this work through their Small Grants program.

Principles for Trail Planning that Respects Wildlife 
Authors: Paige Singer & Paul Millhouser (Rocky Mountain Wild), January 2018
RMW has prepared this list of trail planning guidelines in order to identify current, science-based principles that are aimed at reducing the impact of human trail construction and use on wildlife.

Trail Impacts on Wildlife Habitat Annotated Bibliography 
Authors: Paige Singer & Paul Millhouser (Rocky Mountain Wild), January 2018
RMW has prepared this annotated bibliography in order to provide a listing of recent research – and also a few, still-important earlier studies – addressing the effects of recreational trails on wildlife behavior and habitat quality.

Summit County Safe Passages for Wildlife 
Authors: Julia Kintsch (ECO-resolutions), Bill Ruediger (Wildlife Consulting Resources), Paige Singer (Rocky Mountain Wild), Ashley Nettles (USDA Forest Service), October 2017
The Summit County Safe Passages Plan identifies areas for wildlife movement across Summit County and, specifically, the need for wildlife to move across highways.

ACEC Toolbox 
Author: Megan Mueller (Rocky Mountain Wild), Illustrations: Chris Talbot-Heindl (Rocky Mountain Wild), Updated June 2016
Process for Designating Areas of Critical Environmental Concern (ACEC) on BLM Lands

Make Connections for Wildlife 
Updated June 2016
Aligning Transportation Projects with State Wildlife Action Plans: A Step-by-Step Guide for Integrated Conservation Planning

Linking Colorado’s Landscapes 
Updated June 2016
A statewide assessment of Wildlife Linkages

Wolf Creek Pass Linkage Landscape Zoological Area 
June 2016
A description, a list of linkage values, and proposed management for Wolf Creek Pass.

Tres Rios Field Office Wildlife Maps 
Author: Alison Gallensky (Rocky Mountain Wild), Updated October 2015
Maps of important areas for wildlife (and a few plant) species found on BLM (and neighboring) lands in the Tres Rios Field Office in far southwestern Colorado.

Wild Connections: Mapping Potential Wilderness Areas 
Author: Wild Connections, Updated June 2015
Identifying Lands with Wilderness Characteristics along the Arkansas River Corridor

The 50th Anniversary of the Wilderness Act 
Author: Alison Gallensky (Rocky Mountain Wild), Updated April 2014
2014 was the 50th Anniversary of the Wilderness Act.  See a poster of Wilderness Areas in Colorado

Southern Rockies Wildlands Network Vision 
Authors: Brian Miller, Dave Foreman, Michelle Fink, Doug Sinneman, Jean Smith, Margaret DeMarco, Michael Soulé, Robert Howard, July 2003
A science-based plan that provides an ambitious but practical approach to protecting networks of land in the Southern Rockies to maintain and restore native biological diversity in this spectacular region.

Open For Drilling: The Outsized Influence of Oil & Gas on Public Land
Authors: The Wilderness Society, March 2025
The Bureau of Land Management is the nation’s largest land management agency and manages 10% of the United States’ landmass and 30% of the nation’s subsurface minerals. Despite these lands being required by law to be managed for multiple uses—including conservation and recreation—the oil and gas industry continues to be the favored tenant over all other users, and public lands remain a significant source of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions.

This report, presenting research done by Rocky Mountain Wild, finds that as of January 2025, more than 81% of all Bureau of Land Management lands (over 200 million acres!) in the Western United States remain open to oil and gas leasing. This means only 19% of BLM lands are off limits to oil and gas development.

Don’t Drill Here: How bipartisan pushback has helped prevent oil and gas leasing on some of the West’s most prized public lands (story map)
Authors: Center for Western Priorities, February 2025
History shows allowing the oil industry unfettered access to drill on national public lands creates unnecessary conflict with rural communities and puts valuable lands at risk for no reason. There’s a better way to drill on public lands, and it starts with acknowledging that not all public lands are appropriate for energy development. This report explores specific cases in which oil and gas companies have tried to lease public lands on the doorsteps of national parks and other culturally- and ecologically-sensitive areas. Luckily, communities and their elected officials have spoken up in opposition to these proposals, driving the Bureau of Land Management, under Republican and Democratic administrations alike, to say “no” to drilling on some of the nation’s most precious public lands.

Mounting Losses II: Federal Oil and Gas Leasing Costs Montana Millions
Authors: Taxpayers for Common Sense, February 2024
Federal lands, along with the vast resources they contain, belong to American taxpayers. The Bureau of Land Management, part of the Department of the Interior (DOI), manages these resources. This includes leasing federal land to private entities for oil and natural gas extraction and development. The DOI must ensure taxpayers receive a fair return from the development of these valuable resources. However, the current onshore oil and gas leasing system doesn’t meet this goal, instead burdening taxpayers with liabilities from orphaned wells and escalating federal climate costs.

Outdated and below-market federal rates have cost federal and Montana state taxpayers $123 million over the past decade. This has also left them with more than $180 million in potential reclamation liabilities due to inadequate federal bonding requirements. If the leasing system isn’t reformed, taxpayers will continue to face losses from oil and gas operations on Montana’s federal lands.

Who Benefits from the Broken Public Lands Leasing Program? The Five Big Oil Corporations with the Most Public Lands Leases Made Over $100 Billion in 2022 While Exploiting Public Lands
Authors: Accountable.US, August 2023
In a new report from non-partisan government watchdog Accountable.US the biggest drillers of United States public lands are revealed for the first time. The report shows big, multinational oil corporations – some of the most profitable in the world – benefiting the most from a broken public lands leasing system. The report details how the top five publicly-traded public lands leaseholders control hundreds of thousands of acres of public lands in the United States. The same five companies made over $100 billion in profits in 2022 through corporate greed and price gouging

Irresponsible Operators: Well viewer and data explorer
Authors: Gage Cartographics, Rocky Mountain Wild, March 2023
New laws in Colorado require oil and gas operators to put aside enough money to properly clean up wells once they are depleted. This new map illustrates low producing wells and the riskiest operators, and is also sortable by city, county, and legislative district so communities and their leaders can see which operators pose the greatest risk to the state.

How Noncompetitive Leasing Threatens Our Public Lands
Authors: National Wildlife Federation, March 2022
Noncompetitive leasing is an antiquated practice that encourages speculators to lease our nation’s public lands for as little as $1.50 an acre in places where there is virtually no likelihood for oil and gas development. That these leases are truly speculative in nature is backed up by a 2020 Government Accountability Office (GAO) report which showed that 99% of noncompetitive leases issued between 2003 and 2009 never entered oil and gas production. Unfortunately, this wastes taxpayer dollars by incurring unnecessary administrative costs and it ties up land that could generate revenue through expanded outdoor recreation opportunities. It also prevents land managers from adequately managing wildlife habitat in these areas.

This report documents just how widespread the problem is in five Western states: Colorado, Montana, Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming. It also shows how these leases are sold over-thecounter on lands that have very little likelihood for energy development, but have tremendous potential for wildlife conservation and outdoor recreation.

Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission Report: Biological Resources Working Group
Authors: Biological Resources Working Group facilitated by Commissioner Priya Nanjappa, March 2022.
This report documents the results of the Biological Resources Working Group convened by the Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission (COGCC) to better consider biological resources in COGCC rules.

Even undrilled oil leases put pristine public lands at risk across the West
Authors: Center for Western Priorities, Wilderness Workshop, Colorado Wildlands Project, February 2022
“No harm, no foul” doesn’t exist in oil and gas leasing. Even when speculative oil and gas leases aren’t drilled they still negatively impact wildlife, wild lands, and recreation opportunities. Includes analysis performed by Rocky Mountain Wild.

Colorado’s $8 Billion Oil and Gas Crisis story map
Authors: Well status and production data produced by Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission and processed by Carbon Tracker; Mapping and Analysis by Alison Gallensky (Rocky Mountain Wild), Videos and Thermal Imaging by Earthworks; Story Content by Western Colorado Alliance, Colorado Sierra Club, League of Oil and Gas Impacted Coloradans (LOGIC), Conservation Colorado, Western Slope Conservation Center; website by Chris Talbot-Heindl (Rocky Mountain Wild), October 2021
Oil and gas wells are not only environmental hazards, but a massive threat to Colorado and our taxpayers. This story map and website show how many oil and gas wells the industry has abandoned to leave for Colorado taxpayers to pay for.

Orphaned by Design story map
Author: Western Organization of Resource Councils, October 2021
Hundreds of thousands of oil and gas wells, tanks, pipelines, pits, and roads across the West have been built without assurances that they will ever be cleaned up. The rules that are intended to protect the land are out of date and assume that oil and gas companies are too big to fail. But they’re not—more than 240 oil and gas companies declared bankruptcy in the past five years.

Mapping the legacy of drilling in a protected monument story map
Author: Andre Miller (Center for Western Priorities), March 2021
As companies struggle, abandoned wells leave a mark on Canyons of the Ancients National Monument.

2020 Western Oil and Gas Spills Tracker
Author: Tyler McIntosh (Center for Western Priorities), March 2021
Each year, the Center for Western Priorities tracks oil and gas-related spills in Colorado, New Mexico, and Wyoming, assessing what spilled, where spills occur, and what companies are responsible, among other factors.

The Oil Industry’s Forfeited Public Lands Stockpile
Author: Tyler McIntosh (Center for Western Priorities), March 2021
The oil and gas industry has spent recent months fear mongering about the Biden administration’s temporary pause on new federal oil and gas leases; however, new analysis finds that the industry has been forfeiting drilling leases and permits for years.

Federal Oil and Gas Leasing in the Rocky Mountain West (PDF) 
Author: Alison Gallensky (Rocky Mountain Wild), February 2021
This report shows oil and gas companies currently hold leases on more than 20 million acres of federal land in the Mountain West, and data trends show a sharp decline in interest for additional leases in many states for 2020 and 2021 compared to previous years. The report, using publicly available data from the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), analyzes leasing trends in states with the most federal oil and gas leases, including Colorado, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming. State-by-state breakdowns are included.

Oil and Gas Rules Protect Wildlife story map
Author: Alison Gallensky (Rocky Mountain Wild), January 2021
This interactive storymap shows how new rules for oil and gas development in Colorado increase protection of over 12.7 million acres of wildlife habitat.
Rocky Mountain Wild: Wildlife Protections in Colorado Oil and Gas Rules (PDF) describes the methodology and data sources used to create the story map.

America’s Public Lands Giveaway story map
Authors: The Wilderness Society and Center for Western Priorities, April 2020
Across the American West, millions of acres of public lands are currently leased for oil and gas drilling. For decades, private companies have taken advantage of an outdated system that is tilted in favor of the oil and gas industry and against taxpayers. These oil and gas companies drive the process to lease the public’s land, pay extremely low bid rates, and leave millions of idle leased acres off-limits to other uses. The Wilderness Society and the Center for Western Priorities conducted a first-of-its-kind geospatial analysis to shine a light on the outdated leasing process. Using a newly developed tool, the analysis mapped all federal oil and gas leases, identifying instances where public lands leases were sold for bargain prices.

How the Interior Department Turned its Back on Big Game Migration Corridors story map
Analysis & Research: Alison Gallensky (Rocky Mountain Wild), February 2020
Mapping & Story: Gage Cartographics
The interactive storymap shows the millions of acres the Department of Interior (DOI) has offered for oil and gas development directly in wildlife corridors and key habitats. The map shows that in little over one year, DOI has tried to lease nearly 1.2 million acres to the energy industry in big game priority landscapes, and 672,000 acres of that land is in the most crucial habitat identified by states.

Writing Comments That Stick (PDF) 
Author: Tehri Parker (Rocky Mountain Wild), February 2018
Submitting written comments and protests to governmental agencies can be an effective way to make your voice heard, and to protect our natural resources – be it a National Monument, a rare plant species, a recreation area, or land being leased for fossil fuel development. But, all comments are not created equal. In fact, governmental agencies can throw your comments out if you don’t follow the proper procedures. So, let’s take a few minutes to make sure we get it right, and make sure that your time and effort are well spent.

2018 Maps of Oil and Gas Development 
Author: Alison Gallensky (Rocky Mountain Wild), January 2019
These high resolution maps show the widespread impact of oil and gas development on Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming. See where drilling is occurring and what lands have been leased by oil and gas companies for current and future development.

Quantifying the Economic Contributions of Wildlife-Related Recreation on BLM Lands
Author: Southwick Associates, September 2018
This project quantifies the spending and economic contributions associated with hunting, fishing, and wildlife-viewing recreation in 2016 on Bureau of Land Management (BLM) lands across 12 target states.

Leasing of National Forest Lands in BLM Oil and Gas Lease Sales 
Author: Rocky Mountain Wild, November 2016
Rocky Mountain Wild wanted to better understand how the U.S. Forest Service determines which specific parcels to authorize the Bureau of Land management (“BLM”) to include in the quarterly oil and gas lease sale auctions. To carry out this task, our team read relevant parts of all documents pertaining to oil and gas leasing for all seven of Colorado’s national forest/national grassland administrative units. This included land and resource management plans and accompanying final environmental impact statements (FEISs), as well as stand-alone analyses (including FEISs) of oil and gas leasing. The analyses dates from 1992 to December, 2015.

Draft Boundary for South Park Master Leasing Plan 
Author: Alison Gallensky (Rocky Mountain Wild), July 2014
BLM planning for development of oil and gas resources in South Park, near the headwaters of the South Platte River

Belonging in the Outdoors, Roundtable (video)
Panelists: Amber Mohammad Castańeda (she/her) (Coal Creek Canyon Volunteer Fire Department) Andrea Cota Avila (she/her) (Colorado Immigrant Rights Coalition), Chris Talbot-Heindl (they/them) (Rocky Mountain Wild) Crystal Egli (she/her) (Inclusive Journeys), and Robbin Meneses (él/he/him) (Latino Outdoors, Colorado Team), September 2022
In this live roundtable, marginalized Coloradans discussed why they do or do not feel invited, welcome or safe recreating in Colorado’s public lands, working in the environmental or outdoors industries, or participating in community science without critical mass; how those that do began to, and what those who don’t need to.

“As environmentalists, we need to ensure the safety of people of color recreating, advocating, and doing community science in the outdoors”
Author: Chris Talbot-Heindl (Rocky Mountain Wild), May 2020
I think we need to talk about what happened to Christian Cooper and what happens too often to outdoors people who are also people of color – especially Black and Indigenous people of color who are disproportionately targeted – and move towards what we can do as environmentalists to ensure the safety of people of color recreating, advocating, and doing community science in the outdoors. Studies have shown that people of color are way more likely than their white counterparts to be environmentalists, but have been historically underrepresented in environmental groups and less likely to participate in outdoor recreation. As a white-presenting mixed-race person, I’ve had the privilege to not have to think about my safety while recreating or participating in our community science projects. But as a white-presenting person it is my responsibility to tackle this racism that I benefit from. Here are some articles and resources to help us do that.

How to set up organizations to be inclusive, focus on equity first, and value LGBTIQA2+ employees (video)
Author: Chris Talbot-Heindl (Rocky Mountain Wild), March 2020
A lot of environmental organizations are set up to default to a cis- het- and white-normative culture, often leading to a hostile workplace for LGBTIQA2+ employees. Chris discusses ways to set up organizations to be inclusive, focus on equity first, and work towards cultural competencies that value and retain LGBTIQA2+ employees as well as supporters. They also discuss specific cases in which this hasn’t happened and what it feels like to be on the receiving end of bias and bigotry in the environmental field.